The Pole Bridge surface mine site near Wise, Virginia. Photo by Ben Bolling

These discarded mines are dangerous and hinder economic development. Exposed dirt and rock lead to acid mine drainage and sediment that chokes the life out of downstream waters. Exposed highwalls increase the threat of landslides and routinely loose large boulders on land below.

Under SMCRA, coal operators were expected to reclaim land as they mined. They were supposed to post financial bonds that could cover the costs of mine clean-up, known as reclamation, if they went bankrupt.

The system set up by SMCRA never worked perfectly, but as the coal industry has declined over the past couple of decades, that system is being strained like never before. Federal regulators need to adapt to the current situation, or the system will collapse.

Take action! Ask President Biden to appoint a director for the Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Enforcement.

In a recent webinar outlining the current problems with the system, Sierra Club attorney Peter Morgan noted that there are an increasing number of coal companies that no longer produce coal.

“These companies are functionally insolvent,” he said. “They’re not filing for bankruptcy because they don’t have debt payments due. The mines are functionally abandoned, zombie mines.”

If the bonding system had ensured that sufficient funds were available to reclaim mines, as it was supposed to have done, this might be less of a problem. But the available money is far from enough.

During the webinar, Erin Savage, senior program manager for Appalachian Voices, said that there are nearly a million acres of modern-era, post-SMCRA mines that haven’t been properly restored. The total cost to reclaim this land is unknown, but based on Savage’s calculations, laid out in a 2021 report, Eastern states alone have an estimated $7 billion to $9 billion in reclamation expenses.

Coal companies haven’t put up nearly that amount in bonds. The Eastern states only have about $3.8 billion in reclamation bonds available, according to the 2021 report.

The deficit between the cost of mine clean-up and the bonds available to pay for it influences how regulators enforce reclamation standards, according to Morgan.

“When bonding is inadequate, as it is now, it creates an environment where regulators become hesitant to enforce the law out of fear of pushing a company into bankruptcy,” Morgan said. “And those problems are magnified when it’s the entire industry facing this financial difficulty because the pressure on the regulator is greater and a lot of the bonding tools like pool bonds are at risk. Even the surety providers themselves may be pushed into bankruptcy if they have to pay out bonds for even a single large company.”

This fear of cascading consequences of enforcement is leading to dangerous conditions at unrestored mines, according to Morgan.

“Drainage ditches and sediment ponds fill up, increasing the risk of landslides, boulders rolling down into communities,” Morgan said. “Really hazardous and dangerous situations that SMCRA was supposed to prevent.”

During the webinar, Elaine Tanner of Friends for Environmental Justice in Kentucky shared her experience owning land near an unreclaimed mine site on the webinar and being exposed to the types of hazards Morgan described.

“Our creeks ran for two weeks like milkshakes,” she said of a 2020 mudslide. “Trees, rocks and anything in the path of a mudslide will go toward the path of least resistance. It jams up the waterways and it creates these problems.”

Shannon Anderson, staff attorney for the Powder River Basin Resource Council, outlined several suggestions for the federal Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement to improve the way coal mines are regulated.

“It was based on the assumption that new mines would be coming in, there would be a regulatory process to develop a strong mine plan, a strong reclamation plan and that that permit would have the conditions necessary to regulate that mine through its entire life,” she said. “Unfortunately, that’s just not what we’re seeing on the ground. … It’s the need to think of a new regulatory framework that matches the reality we’re seeing in coalfield communities.”

According to Anderson, OSMRE needs to ensure that mine permit transfers, renewals or modifications aren’t approved until regulators have ensured the cleanup plan is adequate given the current condition of the site, that the operator has the resources to complete the plan and that the reclamation bond is sufficient to carry out the plan in the event of a forfeiture.

Before permits are renewed, OSMRE should require that regulators gather additional information about the financial status of the company holding the permits, as well as parent companies, using the renewal to perform an economic check of the mine.

Webinar participants also noted that President Joe Biden had yet to nominate anyone to lead OSMRE. Given the critical situation with reclamation, that office needs permanent leadership as soon as possible. Without an appointed director, it is unlikely the agency will make the substantive changes necessary to ensure mines are properly reclaimed.

Take action! Ask President Biden to appoint an OSMRE director to ensure coal mines are cleaned up!