This report is an economic and policy assessment of the biological effectiveness and economic efficiency of incentive mechanisms for private landowners to conserve U.S. biodiversity. Its focus is on rural lands that tend to be used for forestry, agriculture and residential purposes. Its audience is those working to amend the 2007 Farm Bill to improve its effectiveness in conserving native habitat and to enhance the capacity of the Endangered Species Act to encourage voluntary activities that are beneficial to listed species. From Defenders of Wildlife