A Capsule History of the Blue Ridge Parkway

By Dr. Anne Mitchell Whisnant

The Blue Ridge Parkway is a 469-mile scenic road winding through 29 counties in the beautiful southern Appalachian mountains of Virginia and North Carolina. It is – as its name suggests – a “way through a park.” In this case, the park is a carefully designed landscape set within a narrow corridor of protected land, now over 90,000 acres in all. Unlike many other national parks whose boundaries surround the landscapes they are designed to protect and present, the parkway is a narrow ribbon that “borrows” many of its signature scenic views from the nearby countryside.

This photograph taken by Robert G. Hall on March 28, 1939, near Swannanoa, N.C., shows abandoned farmland buildings scheduled for demolition to clear a path for the Blue Ridge Parkway. Courtesy of the National Park Service, Blue Ridge Parkway

The parkway is owned and managed for the American public by the National Park Service. It is a key part of a larger southern Appalachian park complex. With its northern terminus joining Shenandoah National Park’s Skyline Drive near Waynesboro, Va., the parkway snakes southward to the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, on the North Carolina-Tennessee border.

Both Shenandoah and the Great Smokies were authorized in the 1920s and opened in the 1930s as part of an effort to bring national parks nearer to population centers of the eastern United States. Work began in 1935 to connect the new Shenandoah and Great Smoky Mountains national parks, and the parkway was finally finished in 1987 with the completion of the final section, the “missing link” around Grandfather Mountain in North Carolina.

Since 1946, the Blue Ridge Parkway has been the most visited site in the entire national park system, with the exception of three recent years — 2013, 2014 and 2016. The throngs of travelers drive to places where they can pull off the road to see a distant view, enjoy spring wildflowers or colorful fall leaves, get out for a short hike, listen to music in several established venues or set up a tent at a campground.

Positive reaction to the parkway project was reported in the Asheville Citizen-Times in late 1934. Courtesy of the N.C. Collection, Wilson Library, UNC-CH

The parkway was a product of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal programs to stimulate the economy and put people to work during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Initially funded under the federal Public Works Administration and later drawing monies and labor from other New Deal agencies, including the Resettlement Administration, the Works Progress Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps, the parkway was one of the New Deal’s signature park development projects.

By the time construction halted in 1943 for the duration of World War II, work was under way on about 330 miles of the road. Only about 170 miles, however, were by then paved and fully open to travel. A large portion of the funding for the road’s completion came from another large federal park-enhancement program, Mission 66, which poured $1 billion into the national parks from 1956 to 1966. When this program ended, all but the 7.5-mile Grandfather Mountain section was complete.
Building the parkway was a cooperative effort of many hands, agencies and individuals at the federal, state and local levels. The states of North Carolina and Virginia acquired most of the land and deeded it to the federal government, while other lands were turned over to the National Park Service by the U.S. Forest Service.

Parkway engineers and designers, especially North Carolina State Highway Commission location engineer R. Getty Browning, National Park Service landscape architect Stanley W. Abbott and his design team, and engineers from the federal Bureau of Public Roads, laid out a route and crafted a carefully planned landscape that highlighted glorious mountain vistas, invited travelers to discover secluded coves and dramatic waterfalls and opened “great picture windows” into an idealized rural pioneer America. Private road-building contractors did heavy construction, and men in four Civilian Conservation Corps and Civilian Public Service camps shaped and groomed the landscape and built visitor facilities.

Crafting a scenic parkway required that the road be built according to rules different from those that governed regular highways in the 1930s. To preserve the scenic experience, the parkway was planned to be a non-commercial, limited-access road, bounded by an exceptionally wide right-of-way that ranged from 800 to 1,000 feet.

Although these rules produced a beautiful parkway for travelers, they sparked conflict with some landowners through whose lands the road was threaded. This conflict arose because — unlike western parks carved from the public lands — the parkway was built through a long-populated area that included small farms, numerous smaller towns and the two major cities of Roanoke, Va., and Asheville, N.C. In many places, industrial scale timbering had previously ravaged the land, while in other locations tourism thrived.

A bridge over Holloway Mountain Road near Blowing Rock, N.C., shows the intricate stonework used in structural aspects along the route — much of it not even seen by passersby on the parkway. Photographer Kelly Culpepper is currently at work on a photo book about these unknown details.

Handling the bulk of land acquisition through the 1960s, Virginia and North Carolina used their power of eminent domain to buy more than 40,000 acres from thousands of owners for the parkway. Some of it was land that farm families had long lived on and loved. Most of them had no choice about whether to sell. Sometimes they weren’t paid much, and sometimes they did not see how a restricted scenic parkway would benefit them. Some resented how it disrupted their lives and wondered why some other owners got paid more for their lands.

Others eagerly awaited the parkway’s promised benefits. Many of the project’s most vigorous supporters were leaders in the North Carolina tourism-oriented business community, especially in Asheville. A booming tourist center from the late 19th century into the 1920s, Asheville had by the early 1930s fallen on hard times. The tourists were gone and the city nearly bankrupt after an ill-considered 1920s spending spree and the collapse of a major local bank. Asheville’s civic leaders saw the parkway – which would link the city to the new Great Smoky Mountains National Park – as the city’s great hope for reviving tourism.

Creating and maintaining a scenic parkway in this environment has sparked a series of conflicts with landowners and business and civic interests who have craved influence over the project or sought to mitigate — or enhance — its effects on their own properties. From the 1930s to the 1960s, the park service and the state of North Carolina battled the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, Little Switzerland’s Heriot Clarkson and Grandfather Mountain’s Hugh Morton. As each conflict has been resolved, these stories have been written onto the land.

Doughton Park (Milepost 240) contains the iconic sweeping curves and split rail fences often found along the parkway. Photo by Kelly Culpepper.

Like any other large public works project, the Blue Ridge Parkway generated complicated questions concerning how, and whether, a “public good” can be identified and implemented fairly. Its history of conflict and strife presaged the challenges it continues to face: severe funding and staffing shortages, environmental threats, changing park usage, encroaching development and the perennial necessity of negotiating the roadway’s relationships with its region.

At the same time, the parkway is a living record of the power of public vision, public will and public resources to create and sustain magnificent public works for the common good. The history of this scenic road teaches important lessons about the politics of park management, conservation and tourism, and the stories embedded in all of our built environments. If the history of conflict is written permanently upon the parkway at some points, at other points one sees the results of dreaming nobly, operating beyond the limits of self-interest and bequeathing the best of ourselves and our ideas to generations yet to come.

Reader’s Note: A version of this article initially appeared at Driving Through Time: The Digital Blue Ridge Parkway at docsouth.unc.edu/blueridgeparkway. This project, directed by Anne Mitchell Whisnant and hosted at the UNC-Chapel Hill Libraries, contains nearly 10,000 historic photographs, drawings, maps, oral histories, newspaper archives and other articles related to the parkway’s history. Dr. Whisnant is the author of Super-Scenic Motorway: A Blue Ridge Parkway History (2006), and co-author with David Whisnant of a book for young readers, When the Parkway Came (2010).